The Dangers of Totalitarianism Essay example - 1978 Words

After World War I, which led to the overthrow of several monarchs and a complete reshaping of Europe, the political landscape of Europe began to change. Totalitarian fascists, such as Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Benito Mussolini, of Germany, The Soviet Union, and Italy, rose to power. These leaders created an atmosphere of fear in their respective countries. The only people who were safe were the ones that did not protest at all and just let the dictators lead. Hitler’s rise to power led to World War II, where including the Holocaust, approximately sixty million people died. Sixty million people died, while millions of others silently watched in fear, and in hopes of surviving the genocide. This forever changed the landscape of†¦show more content†¦His new perspective inspires him to question his fellow colleagues, asking them if the world was always like this. His coworkers tell him that it was always like this, starting with the first fireman, Benjamin Franklin . They then got a call and were sent to a house full of books. One of the inhabitants, a woman, refuses to leave, and, as a result, is burned with the books, severely disturbing Montag (Bradbury 32-40). The firemen served as a reminder of what would happen if someone broke a rule. During the Holocaust, if someone a Jewish person was caught, or someone went against Hitler, they would either be instantly killed, or sent to a concentration camp. In Fahrenheit 451, it was close to the same thing. If someone was caught with a book, their house would be burned down and they would either be killed or arrested. However, a very slim percentage of the population had books because they were so afraid of the firemen. Society wiped out something as common as reading through the instillation of fear, which represents how a totalitarian government can accomplish anything, as long as their subjects are terrified of them. Whereas the firemen and mechanical hound were the feared hit men in Fahrenheit 451, the Thought Police were the source of terror in 1984. 1984 is a perfect representation of a totalitarian government. It has a strong central government (The Party), where its head members live luxurious lives. Next, are the normal party members, who live inShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers of Totalitarianism1312 Words   |  6 Pages1984, a book by George Orwell, offers an alternate reality for what the future could have been. The concept of a totalitarian society is but a far off, if not long dead, ideal. In the past totalitarianism was not just an ideal but an actual living, breathing menace to people of the late 1940s. Totalitarian governments would go to horrific lengths in order to sustain and increase their power. In the novels 1984, by George Orwell, and Anthem, by Ayn Rand, propaganda, class distinction, and naivetyRead More Dangers of Totalitarianism in Orwells 1984 Essay1583 Words   |  7 Page sthe land of Oceania are enslaved to the government, most without even realizing it. The Party uses its many members to enforce its methods of control on the population. While a bit extreme, Orwell was attempting to warn people about the dangers of totalitarianism. The story focuses largely on the tactics of the Party?s manipulation. The major aspects of the aforementioned control stratagem are the alterations of history as the wishes, the invention of Newspeak to eliminate any chance of rebellionRead MoreThe Dangers of Totalitarianism: George Orwell Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesHiding in the shadows yet standing in full view, the signs of totalitarianism and the dangers that accompany it in 1984 are everywhere. Orwell is able to paint a frighteningly realistic picture of the all-consuming monster that is a totalitarian state. It tries to hide its negative traits by covering them up with promising lies that bring a good public image to the state. When a totalitarian style of government is employed, it gains control over every aspect of life for any unlucky citizen or bystanderRead MoreAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 PagesNoticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarl y criticized totalitarianism by depicting an overwhelmingly melancholy dystopian society. 1984 achieved similar success and opened the public’s eyes to the dangers of the spread of despotic regimes throughout the world. By examining both Animal Farm and Orwell’s biography, further light is shed onto his belief in the dangers of totalitarian governments as depicted in 1984. Primarily, there were many influential factorsRead MoreGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. In his novel 1984, George Orwell addresses the issue of government surveillance through his strategic use of point of viewRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1347 Words   |  6 Pagestraits. The windmill reveals the despotic and megalomanic tendencies of the pigs, particularly Napoleon, and the hardworking and naà ¯ve nature of Boxer, the horse. It also brings the themes, such as the abuse of language to bolster power, and the danger of a naà ¯ve working class, to light. Animal Farm’s symbolic windmill certainly functions as a device to draw parallels between the failed communism in the Soviet Union and the failed animalism (the animals’ version of communism) in the Animal FarmRead More George Orwells 1984: Unmasking Totalitarianism1749 Words   |  7 PagesEurope† (Meyers 114). George Orwell through his life experiences and through the accounts of others had seen the dangers of Totalitarianism. In 1984, George Orwell exposed three dangerous aspects of Totalitarianism by showing the oppression of the individuals in the story in order to show the true nature of Totalitarianism. One of the first ways that Orwell exposes Totalitarianism through the oppression of the individual in 1984, is specifically through the books Head party constructing a societyRead MoreTotalitarianism in Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and Nineteen Eighty-four by George Orwell1270 Words   |  5 PagesMany people have sought to evaluate the vulnerabilities associated with states and markets that are under totalitarianism, which is a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society. First developed in 1920 by the Italian fascists, and in particular Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy for over twenty years, totalitarianism embossed the minds of those who lived under it. This system was conceptualized mainly to highlight the similarities between Nazi Germany and other fascistRead MoreEssay On Totalitarianism 19841300 Words   |  6 PagesAchieving Totalitarianism in 1984 Before the concept of government existed mankind still attempted to gain dominance over one another. Once the concept was developed governments remained consistent in their attempts to gain control of their people and world domination. Adolf Hitler and other dictators were prime examples of totalitarianism â€Å"attempting to control every aspect of its subjects, viewing any sign of independence as treasonous centralized party† ( Quinn 1). Along came â€Å"historical catastrophesRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1045 Words   |  5 Pagesserious danger of totalitarianism. The danger that totalitarianism poses to society is greatly demonstrated by Orwell all throughout the novel. Totalitarianism is also a big aspect that touches on the main theme of 1984, and power is also a big platform that the party uses to monitor the behavior of all of its members. By setting 1984 in London, Orwell is able to invoke a real life war-torn society. The creation of 1984 also served as a warning for society and the threat of totalitarianism. The

Theme Of The Book Thief And The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas

The Book Thief, directed by Brian Percival, and The Boy in Striped Pyjamas, directed by Mark Herman, are both films that share similar themes and are focused on the time of war during Hitler’s reign of power. In both films, the idea of innocence is portrayed and corrupted through the friendship of child protagonists, influence of father figures, characterisation of children in war and the narrative perspectives. Symbolism, motifs and themes in these two films are explored to emphasise how innocence is portrayed and corrupted throughout the texts. Through the friendship of child protagonists in both films, the audience is able to view and understand how innocence is portrayed and corrupted. Bruno in The Boy in Striped Pyjamas, is the main†¦show more content†¦With a similar end of war scene in The Book Thief, after the bombings that occurred, Liesel lost the boy she loved which is another way that the idea of innocence has been corrupted. Within this scene the director uses a bird’s eye view angle of the death of Rudy and mise en scene is also used in this text, placing Liesel sitting with Rudy in the middle of the ruins of their street, leaving the audience to feel heartbroken just as The Boy in Striped Pyjamas does with the death of both boys. Although, the friendship between child protagonists in The Book Thief, Liesel and Rudy, starts as an innocent friendship and remains that way through most of the film, their friendship is explored through playful love whereas the friendship between Bruno and Shmuel is e xplored through boundaries and restrictions to their freedom, being stuck on opposite sides of the fence. Another friendship that occurs is the friendship between Liesel and a Jewish man named Max that her family is hiding under their basement. In this friendship, Liesel herself symbolises innocence which enables Max to find the strength to survive. The Boy in Striped Pyjamas, however, does not include another important friendship to the main protagonist, it only focuses on the unlikely friendship between a Jew and a boy with a commander for a father. The influence of father figures in bothShow MoreRelatedComparing The Book Thief And The Boy In Striped Pyjamas2076 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Book Thief and The Boy in Striped Pyjamas? The Book Thief, directed by Brian Percival, and The Boy in Striped Pyjamas, directed by Mark Herman, are both films that share similar themes and are focused on the time of war during Hitler’s reign of power. In both films, the idea of innocence is portrayed and corrupted through the friendship of child protagonists, influence of father figures, characterisation of children in war and the narrative perspectives. Symbolism, motifs and themes in theseRead MoreThe Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ and ‘the Book Thief’1430 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ and ‘The Book Thief’ In novels, the author creates a focus on a relationship - between enemies or friends, a parent and child, or husband and wife. In the two texts, The Book Thief, and The Boy in the Stripped Pyjamas this is a aspect that is featured in both, the relationship between children. The Book Thief focuses on the relationship between Liesel and Rudy, two of the characters. In The Boy in the Stripped Pyjamas the relationship that is focused on is betweenRead MoreThe Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Portfolio6447 Words   |  26 PagesRothen Table of contents Introduction | 3 | Book report | 4 | Main characters | 5 | Themes | 7 | New book covers | 9 | Words and Phrases | 10 | Reflection | 11 | Film review | 12 | Interview | 14 | Song interpretation | 16 | Peer assessment | 18 | Vocabulary | 20 | Self evaluation | 22 | Introduction This portfolio documents my dealing with the book â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas†, written by John Boyne, and the corresponding film, which was releasedRead MorePersonal Project4460 Words   |  18 PagesPersonal Project: Book Review Blog - Phase 4 Searage Arabi 10A Supervisor: Miss Oznur Australian International Academy Tables of Contexts Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................†¦.. Page 3. About My Personal Project †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 3. Area Of Interaction (AOI) Used †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 4. Plan Layout †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4. Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesStephen, Billy Elliot Making Multicultural Australia, www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au It is also suggested you choose 3-4 related texts as you will have more to discuss. You do not have to read a full book; a story from an anthology can be enough. You can also choose a poem, a picture book, film or photographs. Remember though that you will need to discuss at length the relevance of the chosen piece to write about how belonging is represented in the text, how are the ideas about belonging broughtRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 Pagesnà © nom / nom de famille nombre / nombreux poids prà ©nom taille affreux agrà ©able aimable aimer ambiance amer amical / amicalement amitià © amour / amoureux de amusant / amuser GCSE French General Vocabulary List  © OCR 2009 daughter / girl son brother boy / waiter people grandmother / grandfather / grandparent man young / youth twin / twinned Mrs Miss mummy husband mother Mr / gentleman nephew niece uncle relative / parent father boyfriend / girlfriend grandchild grandson / granddaughter people sister

Bchs football Essay Example For Students

Bchs football Essay In 1957, many important events occured. Possibly the most important was, the launching of Sputnik 1, the first satellite sent into space, on October 4, 1957 by the country of Russia. This event left many Americans shocked and surprised, that it was possible to send something into space successfully. Four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, America launches Explorer 1 the first U.S. satellite, this sparked the beginning of the space race. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends federal troops to Little Rock, Ak, to ensure the integration of Central High School. He also signs the Eisenhower Doctrine, promising that the United States would resist all Communist aggression in the Middle East. This year is also the year the frisbee and the hula hoop are introduced. The Boeing 707 passenger jet makes itsinnaugural flight this year as well. In Disneyland, the House of Tomorrow opened its doors to the public. In the music industry Rock ; Roll as well as Doo Wop, made their statements to the world. Elvis became the king of Rock ; Roll after releasing two hit singles Jailhouse Rock and All Shook Up. Buddy Holly and the Crickets released their single Thatll Be The Day. Other career musicians who made their mark during this year include: Johnny Mathis, Paul Anka, The Everly Brothers, and Sam Cooke. American Bandstand goes coast to coast on August 5, 1957, after being a local Philadelphia show since 1952. In 57 Elvis made another big impression on the country besides with his music, this was the year his first movie opened it was called Love Me Tender. The same year a twenty-two year old unknown Michael Landon has the starring role in the B-movie I Was A Teenage Werewolf. As all this stuff was going on in the world, Coach Don Wilson of Bolivar, Tn was getting ready for a new season of good old highschool football. The 57 football team was headed by captain Tommy Baker. The Tiger team consisted of thirty-three finely tuned atheletic machines, ready for a new season of bone crunching action. The team was credited for the great Charles Bunny Orr also known as the pile driver. Orr was the states second highest scoring player that year. He managed to score 108 points for the Tigers, just seven points shy of Larry Banks of Brownsville who was the top scoring champ.

Observation Of Tv Violence Essays - Buddy Films,

Observation Of Tv Violence Violence on Television In my experiment I will study the behavior of children before, during and after viewing a violent television program, specifically The Power Rangers. I will use the theories of Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead and Harold Wilensky to analyze the results according to their theories. Cooleys theory is that people shape the aspects of their identity so that it would fit what others would want. Therefore we would become the kind of person we believe others think we should be. Harold Wilensky said that the media produces a mass culture, in which people have similar culture, that people have similar cultural tastes and political values shaped by the media. This produces a mass of people with similar thoughts and feelings, which can be manipulated by the media. Mead believed that the self is a social product, acquired by observing and assimilating the identities of others. He believed that for identification and assimilation there is a need for communication. The communication is the interaction of language, culture, family, peers and with a new form of communication, media. For Mead, childhood play and games were important activities. These activities used the idea of role taking, the way we try to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person, and significant others, influential people in our lives. The theorist that I think is the best for my experiment is Mead. For my experiment my hypothesis will be that after viewing a violent television program children will act more aggressive than before. That the childrens play will change so that it would become more violent, so that it would be similar to the show that they had seen. In my experiment I observed two children 30 minutes before watching the Power Rangers 30 minutes during the show and 30 minutes after the show. The observation was done on the friends of my brother and the friends of my cousins. My first observation was on my brother and his friend on November 1, 1999. My brothers name is Sina, he was born here and is 7 years old, but his parents were born in Iran. He is half Muslim and half Jewish; neither of his parents are strictly religious. He has an older brother and sister. His friends name is Alex and he is also 7 years old, and born in Russia. His father lives in Russia and he lives with his mother, grandmother and aunt. Both his parents are Jewish and he has a twin brother, but no sisters. I started to observe Sina and Alex at 3:00 PM at my house, since I knew that they would watch Power Rangers at 3:30. At 3:00 they played with each other, first playing in the living room using their trucks and making roads for their cars to travel on. They would make bridges and they directed traffic as though one of them was a traffic officer. He would tell them when to go and when to stop and they would make the cars crash into each other so that the fire truck and the ambulanc e could come and rescue them. Then about 10 minutes later they went into my Sinas room, where he brought out his action figures. There were 2 Spiderman toys, 3 Power Ranger toys, 3 Batman toys, 2 Buzz Light-year toys (from the movie Toy Story) and 1 Ninja Turtle toy. They divided the toys up, taking turns in choosing the toys. First my brother, Sina, picked a Power Ranger toy, then another one, a Spiderman toy, a Batman toy and a Buzz Light-year toy. Alex got the other toys picked the toys that I did not mention. They lined up their toys so that they were facing their opponent and each of them grabbed two of their toys. They started to battle against each other and pretended that the toys were real and that they were either jumping really high or flying. Then they put one of their toys down and started to fight with only one toy each. They moved the arms and legs of their toys and each one would say that he had defeated the other ones toy. The other would complain and they

How Places Get Their Names

How Places Get Their Names A  place name is a general term for the proper name of a locality. Also known as a toponym. In 1967, the first United Nations Congress for the Unification of Geographical Names decided that place names in general would be geographical name. This term would be used for all geographical entities. It was also decided that the term for natural locations would be toponym,  and  place name  would be used for locations for human life (Seiji Shibata in  Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, 1987). These distinctions are commonly ignored. A transfer name is a place name copied from another locality with the same name. New York, for instance, is a transfer name from the city of York in England. Examples and Observations Place names are  . . .  a kind of fossil poetry, but, once affixed to a map, they tend to change rather less, and rather more slowly, than do other kinds of words. Because of this conservative quality, they afford a kind of folk history, a snapshot in time that enables us to read in them a record of important events and to reconstruct something of the culture of the namers at the time they assigned names to the places they saw.(Gregory McNamee,  Grand Canyon Place Names. Johnson Books, 1997)Words From Place Names[T]he process of making a word out of a place-name (a toponym) is  widespread. Tell someone a limerick? Drive in a limousine? Own an alsatian or a labrador? Play badminton or rugby? Run in a marathon? Dance the mazurka? You never quite know where a place-name is going to turn up.(David Crystal,  The Story of English in 100 Words. Profile Books, 2011)Transfer Names in the U.S.Many exotic American  place-names are  derived from transfers of place names, as Athens in Georgia and Euclid in Ohio indicate. The giving of classical place-names to American cities and towns was once fashionable. Many of them occur in the state of New York (e.g., Ithaca).(Zoltan Kovecses,  American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) Presidential Place NamesNaming places was a virtual art form during the nineteenth century, as the westward movement opened up vast territories for settlement and spawned literally thousands of new incorporated places of all sizes.  Befitting the burgeoning  nationalism of the early Republic, American presidents contributed more than their share of place-names as the nation moved west. More than 3 percent of all American place-names, in fact, contain the names of the presidents from Washington to Lincoln.  Today, five presidents dominate  the list of presidential place-names, contributing their names to a total of nearly 1,200 states, counties, townships, cities, and villages across the United States. Lincoln is fourth on the list, behind Washington, Jackson, and Jefferson, and he is followed by Madison.(Kenneth Winkle, The Great Body of the Republic: Abraham Lincoln and the Idea of a Middle West.  The American Midwest: Essays on Regional History, ed. by  Andrew R. L. Cay ton and Susan E. Gray. Indiana University Press, 2001) American Indian Place Names[In the U.S.,] multitudinous cities, towns, villages, counties, mountains, plateaus, mesas, buttes, hills, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, bays, and other geographical locations and features have Indian-related place-names. It is estimated that New England alone has 5,000 names derived from Indian languages.The etymology of Indian place-names takes various forms.  Some  place-names are  English spellings of spoken Indian words or word-phrases- the original Indian names for geographical features, altered over the centuries through usage. Others are Indian tribal names. Some are personal names,  after celebrated individuals or even mythical and fictional characters. Others are named after Indian-related events. Still others are English, French, or Spanish translations of Native concepts or objects.(Carl Waldman and Molly Braun, Atlas of the North American Indian, 3rd ed. Infobase, 2009)Can Do!Sometimes a controversy serves as the basis for a place name . Cando, North Dakota, got its name after county officials proclaimed they could name the town anything they chose. Others in the community did not think that way. In time, the officials got their way and chose to use the combined words can and do in the name, reflective of their claim.(Gerald R. Pitzl,  Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Greenwood, 2004) The Changing Sounds of Place NamesSounds of place names are changed  as languages change, and even when the languages remain the same in an area, the sounds of a place name are in a continual process  of shortening and simplification. Adramyttium, a Roman city, over the centuries changed to Edremit, Turkey, and the Roman colony of Colonia Agrippina became Cologne (or more properly, Koln), Germany. Constantinopolis became Constantinople and eventually Istanbul, Turkey.(Joel F. Mann,  An International Glossary of Place Name Elements. Scarecrow Press, 2005)Definite Articles With Place NamesCertain types of place-names are frequently preceded by the capitalized or lowercased article the:1.  Names of rivers (the Susquehanna, the Nile), mountain ranges (the White Mountains, the Alps), island groups (the Aleutian Islands, the Malay Archipelago), and regions (the Midwest, the Arctic).2.  Place-names that are plural in form  (the Great Plains, The Netherlands).3.  Place-names th at are also general vocabulary terms  (the South, the Continent).4. Place-names that are adjective/noun compounds (the Western Hemisphere, the Red Sea).Some place-names fall into more than one of these categories, while others, such The Bronx, the Ukraine, occur with the article for obscure, usually historically-rooted reasons.(Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary, 3rd. ed., 2001) Fossilized Words in British Place Names-[M]ost place names today are what could be called linguistic fossils. Although they originated as living units of speech, coined by our distant ancestors as descriptions of places in terms of their topography, appearance, situation, use, ownership, or other association, most have become, in the course of time, mere labels, no longer possessing a clear linguistic meaning. This is perhaps not surprising when one  considers that most  place names are  a thousand years old or more, and are expressed in vocabulary that may have evolved differently from the equivalent words in the ordinary language, or that may now be completely extinct or obscure.(A.D. Mills,  A Dictionary of British Place-Names, rev. ed. Oxford University Press, 2011)-  The modern form of a name can never be assumed to convey its original meaning without early spellings to confirm it, and indeed many names that look equally obvious and easy to interpret prove to have quit e unexpected meanings in the light of the evidence of early records. Thus in England the name Easter is the sheep-fold, Slaughter the creek or channel, and Wool the spring or springs.(A.D. Mills, Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press, 2003) Names Ending in -chesterMany place names of British origin consist of a Celtic stem to which has been added an English (or other) suffix. There is the large class of names ending in -chester (or -caster, -cester, etc.). Although the majority of names with this termination refer to former Roman towns or military stations, the ending is not directly derived from the Latin word castra, camp, as is sometimes thought, nor was that term used by the Romans for naming purposes, except for one place in Cumberland (Castra Exploratorum, camp or fort of the scouts). Old English ceaster was adapted from the Latin word by the Anglo-Saxons while they were still on the Continent and was used by them in their new homeland to designate former Roman towns. Not every modern ending in -chester belongs to this class.(John Field, Discovering Place-Names: Their Origins and Meanings, 4th ed., rev. by Margaret Gelling. Shire, 2008)Bill Bryson on British Place Names[N]owhere, of course, are the British more gi fted than with place names. Of the thirty thousand named places in Britain, a good half of them, I would guess, are notable or arresting in some way. There are villages that seem to hide some ancient and possibly dark secret (Husbands Bosworth, Rime Intrinseca, Whiteladies Aston) and villages that sound like characters from a bad nineteenth-century novel (Bradford Peverell, Compton Valence, Langton Herring, Wootton Fitzpaine). There are villages that sound like fertilizers (Hastigrow), shoe deodorizers (Powfoot), breath fresheners (Minto), dog food (Whelpo), toilet cleansers (Potto, Sanahole, Durno), skin complaints (Whiterashes, Sockburn), and even a Scottish spot remover (Sootywells). There are villages that have an attitude problem (Seething, Mockbeggar, Wrangle) and villages of strange phenomena (Meathop, Wigtwizzle, Blubberhouses). There are villages without number whose very names summon forth an image of lazy summer afternoons and butterflies darting in meadows (Winterbourne Abbas, Weston Lullingfields, Theddlethorpe All Saints, Little Missenden). Above all, there are villages almost without number whose names are just endearingly inanePrittlewell, Little Rollright, Chew Magna, Titsey, Woodstock Slop, Lickey End, Stragglethorpe, Yonder Bognie, Nether Wallop, and the practically unbeatable Thornton-le-Beans. (Bury me there!)(Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. William Morrow, 1995) Alternate Spellings: placename, place-name

What is waiting for the Telegram about and how does it work as a drama Essays

What is waiting for the Telegram about and how does it work as a drama Essays What is waiting for the Telegram about and how does it work as a drama Essay What is waiting for the Telegram about and how does it work as a drama Essay Essay Topic: Literature Alan Bennetts Waiting for the Telegram consists of just one character talking to an audience in this monologue. Violet is in her nineties and living in a nursing home, it is about her character now and how she is treated and her past life containing death, regret and life choices. In this essay, I will analyse the monologue on what it is about and how it works as a drama. In the monologue, through stories and actions, the author shows the grim reality of growing old. This is evident when Violet sees her legs Thems never my legs Alan Bennett is trying to demonstrate to us that older people do not realise how extensively they change physically and that they end up having everything done for them. However they still feel the same emotionally, as under the surface we come to realise that Violet feels love towards Francis, It made you want to (She mimes a kiss) do that, whatever its called. Therefore, Alan Bennett tries to get us to realise that we do not expect older people to feel love. He shocks us as we see that she loves Francis. As Violet is nearly one hundred, you would assume that someone of this age has a different attitude towards things than those of a younger generation in the play. Alan Bennett illustrates to us how older views of the world clash with the outlook of a younger generation; this is shown when Violet says The black lady. Verity, her speech therapist tells her to say The lady in the yellow frock. It is not politically correct to say The black lady, but we realise that the writer is trying to explain that sometimes the elderly are only describing someone by their features and in their day it was not the same as now. The attitudes of the different generations are evident when Violet talks about men liking Veritys bust, but Verity announces that Things are different now, women have control of their own bodies. This is very patronizing for anybody. If we were brought up to feel the need to please men, and for men to always be greater than women, then we would not want someone telling us what is right in their view, this is what Alan Bennett is trying to make us become conscious of. Women had to look after men, they were taught to do so then, and while men went off to war they were seen as heroes and the stronger sex. Today, women have freedom and equal rights to men, but the characters attitude clashes with the younger perspective as she feels she should not change her ways. The play was first performed on the 11th November, significant because of Remembrance Day, therefore showing Alan Bennett felt the need to involve the war and what went on. This is to demonstrate the way the character was brought up and her past life which sometimes we see Alan Bennett chooses for her to dwell on the times she regretted things. Loss and death are involved to a great extent. The title has a double significant meaning- waiting for the telegram to be one hundred, and Violet knows death is creeping upon her. It is also significant, as in the war you waited for the telegram when a loved one had died as shown when she talks about Edward in the war Then later on, they had a letter reckoning to be from the King, same as everybody did whod lost somebody. Edward died from war and Violet never got to say goodbye, his death was undeserved. Francis was the same, he was special to Violet and she never got to say goodbye. However, Francis was at war with what could possibly be A. I. D. S but Violet did not realise this, as she says I thought theyd got pneumonia beat. Alan Bennett is trying to show us that death can be expected or very unexpected as in some characters cases. He writes about how death can affect us all whatever age we are. In the rest home, the aged are treated with little respect, this is revealed in Violets reaction when she realises Francis was gay She said, It wasnt lasses; it was lads. I said, I knew it was lads. She said, Well I wish youd told me. Right nasty. The writer is trying to show us that elderly should be treated with respect- through the way Violet receives the comment from Devon. We see she was hurt and that even the smallest comment can make anybody sensitive. Whats more, human freedom is taken away in the rest home, like they have to share clothes And this frock isnt mine. Tangerine doesnt suit me. Violets daily routine consisted of sitting, sleeping and occasionally she had someone to talk to, she says Pets is what they want in this place this is presenting that people do not actually want to talk to those living in the rest home, they just want something that is easy to look after. Violets lifestyle is shown in the performance by a realistic setting, it being just a small confined space with a bed and four walls. The character constantly had to rely on nurse help, when she just wanted to be independent. Violet talks about the old man who flashed only doing it because they get bored and says Do you wonder? This displays Alan Bennetts view on this kind of lifestyle, he can appreciate why people in a rest home do strange things and migrate. The importance of language is also what the monologue is showing; as Violet does not want to change the way she was taught to speak, even though everything has changed into modern ways. Mostly, Verity tries to change the way Violet speaks, as she is always saying When we cannot find the word we want, we describe, we do not say what-do-you-call-it. This is evident when Violet sees the mans penis and Violet does not want to describe it or say penis Violet, I have to ask you this. Was the penis erect? I said Nurse Bapty. Thats not a word I would use. She said Erect? I said, No, the other. She said, Well, Violet. Youve had what we call a stroke. Youre sometimes funny with words. I said, Im not funny with that word. Alan Bennett makes Violet want to speak in her way, not being constantly corrected, as he wants to show that people should not be corrected in what they say, as it is their way of putting across their point and the way in which they communicate. This is what the monologue is about, language and the way in which it is communicated. Alan Bennett demonstrates this by making the character speak in a way in which it is possible for her to speak, in a way she wants to talk. The monologue works as a drama as you can see Violets characterisations come through in facial reactions, the use of humourous tone and also her hand gestures, like when she says what-do-you-call-it she clenches her fists to show frustration. Violet can get her views across in just being there alone and not being corrected like usual, but she can be who she wants to be. The writer chooses for it to be a monologue, as it is in intimate exchange between the character and her audience. Alan Bennett is famous for having a contrast between tragedy and comedy and we see this and how quickly it can change. As shown in So when Francis was wiping my bottom later on I said, Did I get married? He said, Yes, cant you remember? You get star treatment here, Violet. Even the Queen doesnt get her bottom wiped. Tragic because she cannot remember, but comical by what Francis comments on. The monologue could not successfully be done on radio, as we would not see her confined space or the costume, the tangerine dress; this shows the saddening reality that her freedom is taken away by both things. Sadness comes through in certain lines that just by listening we cannot see Rene, wheres this taxi taking you? She said, Armley. I said, Armley where? She said, My mam and dads in 1947. We realise that Rene wants to leave, and by the end her taxi came and took her. On television it can fade, this is dramatic and shows the days passing and death slowly creeping upon her. A face is one of the strongest emotional elements, it can show you anything and Violets face constantly has emotion upon it. Dramatic devices are used like piano music and fading to show the days are passing by and each day there seems to be another story to tell us. The monologue consisted of emotion and in my opinion worked well as a drama; we can see the emotion through facial expressions and actions. Alan Bennett develops Violet as an elderly woman whose life comes across due to Violet individually speaking, nobody is made to correct her or interrupt her. We can see clearly what the monologue is about because the writer makes Violet realistic and paints an image. Waiting for the Telegram is about an elderly womans world and how the character feels about death, love, regret and old age. Alan Bennett taught me through his writing that this generation do not respect the older generations as much as they should because they still hold exactly the same feelings as us.

Descriptive Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descriptive - Statistics Project Example Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Standard Deviation (are there outliners you should consider?) Part II: After you have done this comparison, write a letter to the rest of the members of the board stating which group you are recommending to receive additional funding to support their research. This should be done in Memo Format and you need to discuss your findings and compare them. You can include a table to show the comparison if you want to. Do not be concerned with the small number used in each group in the study. You need to present and compare the finding and explain WHY you have chosen the one you have. There is not really a right or wrong answer. I know which one I would recommend and why - but that does not mean you would interpret the findings as I did. Your statistics should be the same - math is math, but your decision might be different than mine or your peers. So, explain why based upon the statistics you have calculated. There are many good on-line Central Tendency calculators and some of you may be a proficient with a spreadsheet. Two different research labs have tested medications for decreasing the debilitating effects of a disease and presented its results that the board of directors of the National Parkinson’s Association should use for decision into funding one of the researches. The following the results of number of months that patients went without experiencing a debilitating symptoms following each of the lab’s trials. The board of directors of the National Parkinson’s Association is the executive decision making organ and needs to make an informed decision on the research, on medications to decrease the debilitating effects of Parkinson’s disease that the association should fund. Two groups have performed tests on effects of medications and the following table shows their results. Based on the statistics, the analysis recommends funding of group 2 because it offers

Explain new approaches in respect of how a firm could finance takeover Essay

Explain new approaches in respect of how a firm could finance takeover and acquisition. Identify issues with such approaches, f - Essay Example The strategy adopted by each group is prepared by the management accounting department through analyzing the market, shareholders and the regulatory framework within the industry. In some instances, it may be important to obtain synergies to help analyze the financial and accounting policies applied by each of the companies merging. Although the A&M started in 1980s, the international rate of industrial mergers and takeovers took place during the 1990s. However, the complexity and nature of international operations coupled with other complexities has sophisticated global takeovers and mergers. Mergers and acquisitions normally abbreviated as M&A refer to the corporate strategy aspect, management dealing and corporate finance that involve the selling and buying as well as combining and dividing of different companies aimed at assisting an enterprise grow in its location or sector or venture into a new location or field (Brealey and Myers, 2000, p 89). Such a growth is expected to be w ithout subsidiary, use of joint venture or child entity. Over the years, the distinction between acquisition and merger is  blurred with several aspects especially economic income. Shareholders lawsuits are common in the event that a firm opts to engage financially in an acquisition or takeover and is appreciated as being part of the current market now that they are meritless. Merger lawsuits frequency has increased in the recent years with their life cycle undergoing a complete change. These days, once a merger deal is closed, lawsuits are normally closed. However, some plaintiffs have come out strongly in mergers to refine the way they operate. They insist on keeping such litigation alive even after they have been closed. This is achieved through having extensive discovery more so against the acquirer executives in control of the purse strings. Why mergers and takeovers There are a number reasons cited by firms for mergers and takeovers. However, the most prevalent reasoning cit ed by majority of the firms participating in M&A is profitability and growth sourced from external means. The outsourced growth may be of great economic benefit to the acquirer through increase in the production capacity, product diversification, increased market share, and expansion of the product lines. Some firms cite quantifiable reasons such as tax advantage and increased economies of scale are the main reasons for the mergers. In laying the strategies for merger and takeovers, it is important for the participating firms to focus on their goals and strategies. The management accounting department of the merging firms observes the compatibility of the merging companies to determine the compatibility of the core values and beliefs of these corporations. While quantitative variable provide ideal aspects which makes takeovers and mergers very attractive, their applicability are limited as they fail to portray the clear picture of the scene. Qualitative factors of the merging corpor ations should also be deeply considered. In estimating the real value of each merging firm, intangible factors such as favorable location, the strength of management, and skilled labor force constitute the qualitative aspects of the takeover or merger. Whatever the goal or rationale of the merger, the failure or success of

Financial Prospectus Content Paper Essay Example for Free

Financial Prospectus Content Paper Essay Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in the long run. This work comprises FIN 375 Week 4 Financial Prospectus Content Paper Business General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material  added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in th A+ tutorial you will find here https://bitly.com/1wySU49 Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in the long run. Business General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format.

analysis Thomas Hobbes?s claim ?a state of nature is, or would be, a st

Thomas Hobbes argues that a state of nature will eventually become a state of war of everyone against everyone. According the Hobbes, the main reason behind this change will be the harsh competition over scarce resources caused by the nature of man. Through out this essay Hobbes’s reasons will be explained in greater detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to truly understand the logic behind Hobbes’s claim, we must first understand his point of view of human nature. The key element in Hobbes’s view on human nature was the importance of desires. Unlike many other philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, Hobbes had a different approach to desires. He believed desires were real motive behind human behaviors. (Leviathan, p119) What motivated human actions were not virtues such as wisdom as Aristotle and Plato would claim, nor was it a sense of duty as Cicero would say. It was rather simple desire. Hobbes did not see desire as a harmful feeling, which must be avoided. He rather thought of it as a positive part of human nature, which could drive a person to achieve more and more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hobbes had a definition of happiness closely connected to desires. Hobbes defined happiness as a â€Å"continual successe in obtaining those things which a man from time to time desireth† He used the phrase â€Å"felicity† for this definition of happiness. (Leviathan, p.129) Important point here is, there is no limit to this attaining of goods and happiness is a continued process of desire fulfillment, which lasts from birth to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would not be wrong if we claim all reasonable people would like to live a life of happiness or in other words, a life of felicity. Having accepted Hobbes’s definition of felicity, it can be further said that all people would want a life where all their desires are fulfilled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hobbes argued that despite minor differences, all people were close to being the same in both ability and intelligence. (Leviathan, p.183) Hobbes further stated, because people are close to being the same they also have similar desires. This is the point where the problems begin. All people have similar desires for certain goods as well as the same hope of attaining them but unfortunately most of these desired goods are limited in numbers. Because there aren’t enough resources for everyone to fu... ...ostly take care of their children with certain degree of love. Thinking that humans would become enemies to theirs seems illogical. In today’s world parents take care of their children not because laws force them but because they love them. This is an instinctive love necessary for the survival of human race and it is doubtful this love of children will be overcome by desire in a state of nature. The bottom line is that according to Hobbes, desires are the real motive behind human behavior. In order to live a life of happiness humans must constantly fulfill their desires. But, because human understanding of â€Å"good†, â€Å"bad† is interest based and the aim of â€Å"rationality† is no more than self preservation, a state of nature with no authority to fear from turns in to a state of war where every one is against everyone. With the reasons he has provided, Hobbes has put forward a good but not perfect argument. Even though there are some flaws, he has done a good job explaining how competition for desires leads up to a state of war. However, this â€Å"war† to take place between everyone against everyone including families doesn’t seem to be a realistic argument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Physical Education †National Study Essay

To examine the support and provision for football in England, I will be researching how the sporting structure in the country helps performers from first-level elite stage through to area, county, regional and national selection. The diagram below shows the pathway a typical performer would take to reach the top level of elite representation. There is evidence to suggest that the schools in England. have realised their importance in introducing football to children, however, not only is football offered through the PE curriculum, but schools also offer pathways into a wide range of additional opportunities for example, after-school clubs & into competition. There are soccer schools all around the country which help develop the talents of specific players, one such school is the Orpington FC Soccer School whose aim is to provide football for players of all abilities. It takes place every Saturday morning, with the school being divided into two sections: Minis (Boys & Girls) 3-5 years old and Academy (Boys & Girls) – Year 1,2 and 3. It only costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 per session. Well-renowned football clubs all around the country also hold soccer schools sessions to enhance the ability of performers of all ages. Arsenal Soccer Schools, held by Arsenal Football Club try to get children to â€Å"play the Arsenal way†. By guiding players through extensive training programmes, they take time to nurture and develop youngsters since 1985 and have network centres all over the world. The techniques used are the same ones senior players from Arsenal use in the training ground, developing their technical ability. They have soccer school locations all over the country and it is at your own digression to click on the ‘course locator’ they have to find the nearest one near you. Read more:  Essay About Physical Education Sports Academies are also present around the country to develop performers, the HCC Football Academy (Hackney Community College Academy) have been in operation for over a year and have already won the UEFA Festival of Sport. The UK-Football Academy located in Luton, Bedfordshire ensures performers have the opportunity to be showcased via Professional Football Trials in the presence of top football scouts from the Premier League right down to the Blue Square Premier. Their coaching is delivered by UEFA ‘A’ & ‘B’ licensed coaches; they also pride themselves in teaching ‘essential life skills’ which they believe will aid performers’ paths into professional football. County Associations are one of the fundamental pathways into supporting performers. As Appendix [1] shows, each county is represented by one member of the FA Council. Each Development Team works to provide coaching and funding to children and adults throughout their area. Included within this sphere is the awarding of the FA Charter Standard, the development of women’s and girls’ football, the promotion of minority groups within the game and the running of a series of courses to aid coaching standards. They are also responsible for administering club and player registration as well as promoting development amongst those bodies and referees . Football’s National Governing Body – The F.A is responsible for developing and regulating the game at levels from international football to the grassroots. They invest à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60m into the game each year with the income mostly coming from sponsorships. The F.A. Hat-Trick Programme delivers Community Football Development workers in the most deprived areas of the country, and they are committed to removing any barriers to people of all ethnic backgrounds playing football. The professional structure of football is important in the development of performers. The system contains a hierarchy of leagues following the principle of relegation and promotion. The advantage for performers is that teams from more prominent teams than the one they play can purchase them from their respective clubs. Talent Identification of each phase of the football performer pathway is as follows: Phase One: (Identification of Talent) – Teenagers between 14-16 are screened within their school via a host of physical and physiological assessments, and then their results are compared against a national database, if they show evidence of surpassing the average standards, they progress onto level two. Phase Two: (Testing Stage & Selection Stage) – The screening stage continues as in Phase One but this time, the testing is more sport-specific. This phase sees if they can use the results they had in Phase One and implement them into a more sport specific environment. If there is an indication of increased sports potential, then they will be in the ‘selection’ phase. Phase Three: (Development Stage) – Young athletes who have been identified as talented, and selected for a particular sport via testing, will be invited to participate in a talented athlete programme – the ‘development’ phase. Different clubs have different requirements to identifying talented players, e.g. TIPS – technique, intelligent, personality, speed (Ajax Football Club), TABS – technique, attitude, balance and speed (Barcelona Football Club), SUPS – speed, understanding, personality and skills (Arsenal Football Club). After these phases, you will be invited to a trial at a club. Talent Identification schemes will simply pick the best individuals i.e. who they believe is most likely to make it as a professional footballer. Some football clubs want to test your fitness and your performance in a football match whilst others just concentrate on the latter. Speed is very important in football today as the game is very fast-moving and hence this attribute is considered by almost all clubs, normally they will judge speed by seeing performers sprint in a football match. It is of vital importance that there are opportunities for football performers for specific populations, who may be under-represented due to a wide range of barriers. In England, there is a whole host of opportunities specifically aimed at disabled athletes, the diagram below shows the importance the country pays to include everyone regardless of their ability: The level of provision for females in England is much lower than that of the provision for males, due to the lack of female teams and the lack of demand for female footballers. The FA funds full-time football development staff in each County Football Association to deliver its development programme. These include 47 Women’s and Girls’ Football Development Officers â€Å"working strategically across the country to introduce the playing opportunities required†. There is a gender imbalance for performers progressing through to elite level of representation. In conclusion, having researched the provision for football performers in England, I can say that there is no shortage of opportunities available and it is mostly at the digression of people to make the most out of them. One positive is that most of them are free and do not require any previous experience which is good as it involves everyone regardless of their ability. To improve provision for football performers, there could be a remit for females to progress through the pathways the same as males. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Football_Association http://www.hackney.ac.uk/about/sports-academies/ http://inclusion.youthsporttrust.org/downloads/cms/Inclusion/pathways_8_football.pdf http://www.orpingtonfc.org.uk/soccer-school/ http://www.playthearsenalway.com/ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmcumeds/1357/1357.pdf http://www.sportcentral.org.uk/football-news/ http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/WhatWeDo http://uk-footballacademy.com/

Supercontinent

This paper will probe the theory that the continents of the Earth were originally a single supercontinent. It will describe the reasoning behind the theory, review the evidence that supposedly supports it, and present the reasoning for its rejection. It will also present an alternative view. It will explain the use of fossil records to link pieces of history, and why they may be one of the more significant methods used. The paper proposes that the theory of the supercontinent and the study of fossil records lack a confident conclusion to the geological history of the Earth and its present state, meriting the consideration of an alternative view. In 1912, a German meteorologist submitted the idea of the continental drift. His name was Alfred Wegener, and although he was not the first to explore this theory, his pursuit of the idea held more determination than any other did. 1 Wegener believed that the continents originally were attached in a single supercontinent he called Pangaea (â€Å"all land† or â€Å"all earth†). He also believed that the continent, surrounded by one global ocean, then broke apart and drifted to separate places on Earth. He reasoned that the process repeated itself over a period of time. A complete cycle from beginning to end could take approximately 300-600 million years. To support his theory, Wegener provided evidence, such as how the shapes of the continents appear to fit together like the pieces of a puzzle. He is also noted how mountain ranges continued between continents, and appear to link them together. Wegener also submitted evidence that fossils and rock matter found on different continents were very similar to each other. Most interestingly, were the instances in which plant and animal fossils were found on the coastlines of South America and Africa (If looking at a world map, it can be said that Africa‘s west coast and South America‘s east coast seem to fit together). To Wegner, this was the most compelling evidence that the two continents once were one. 2 Although all of Wegner’s evidence seemed to coincide, his theory lacked a crucial point: a valid explanation of what pushed the continents apart. Wegener reasoned that the continents plowed through the ocean floor. His peers immediately rejected this idea. Studies conducted years later aided in the development of the concept of plate tectonics, as well as the subsequent confirmation of continental-drift theory. As previously mentioned, fossil records were among the evidence used to support the continental-drift theory. They provide some evidence of when and how life began, what types of organisms existed and how long they lived. Fossils also tell what the climate was and how it changed, as well as provide clues to the Earth’s tectonic evolvement. With the study of fossil records, it is conceivable that when the continents separated and rejoined, that animals once known to one specific region, now traveled in and about the other continents. 3 The shifting of the continents caused climatic changes that influenced this migration; however, climatic change was not the sole reason. Animal migration is indicative of the fact that animals were adapting to their surroundings (the availability of food, water, etc. in a specific area). Fossils have had great historical influence. Much of what we know about history has come from the study of fossils. The idea of plate tectonics was significantly aided by the notion that fossils now found widely spaced across the globe had to exist on the same original landmass that subsequently split apart. The African fossil record is arguably the most significant source of evolutionary history. Its fragmented components may be scattered throughout the continent, but considerably an integral part of piecing together history. Even with its supporting evidence, there are notable flaws in the idea of the continental drift. The theory states that all continents were once part of a single supercontinent, but does not explain how the supercontinent itself formed. The Creationist view offers an answer. By account of the Bible, the creation of the supercontinent and the subsequent shifting of the continents are explained in Genesis: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth†¦God said, â€Å"Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. Thus, God made the firmament, and divided the waters that were under the firmament from the waters that were above the firmament; and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven†¦Then God said, â€Å"Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear†; and it was so†¦. This is the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created†¦4 Genesis also tells us that God caused it to rain on the earth for forty days and nights. This event is recorded as the Great Flood. Arguably, the division of the firmament, in addition to the effects of the flood, caused the shifting of the continents. The Bible also states that during the flood God destroyed both man and cattle from the earth. Those on the ark were the only survivors. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that those human and animal remains would later be discovered fossilized deep within the earth. The continental-drift theory reasons that all continents formed from a single supercontinent. The use of fossil records has been used to support this theory. Initially rejected, other studies reportedly confirm the theory. However, upon closer inspection the theory raises more questions than answers. One is the question of the supercontinent itself. The theory tells us that subcontinents formed by the breaking apart of one supercontinent, but does not elaborate on how the supercontinent formed. Creationist suggests a different view. The idea of biblical creation tells us that God created the earth and then caused it to break and shift apart. Endnotes 1. John Reader, Africa: A biography of the Continent (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 21. 2. NASA. â€Å"Evidence supporting Continental Drift†, 2003. http://kids. earth. nasa. gov/archive/pangaea/evidence. html. 3. Reader, 39. 4. The Holy Bible: New King James Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc. , 1984), Genesis 1:1, 6-9, 2:4. Bibliography Answers. com. â€Å"Plate tectonics: definition and much more from answers. comâ€Å", 2008. ttp://answers. com/topic/plate-tectonic (accessed 8/4/2008). John Reader, Africa: A biography of the Continent (New York: Vintage Books, 1999). NASA. â€Å"Evidence supporting Continental Drift† Sharron Sample, 2003. http://kids. earth. nasa. gov/archive/pangaea/evidence. html. The Holy Bible: New King James Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc. , 1984). Wikipedia. â€Å"Superc ontinent cycle† 2008. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/supercontinent_cycle Wisegeek. â€Å"What is the supercontinent cycle? † http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-the-supercontinent-cycle. htm (accessed 8/4/2008)

DIET ANALYSIS PROJECT Essay

DIET ANALYSIS PROJECT Essay DIET ANALYSIS PROJECT Essay DIET ANALYSIS PROJECT 1. A) For Grains the target was 7 ounces and the average eaten amount was 5 ounces. For Vegetables the target was 3 cups and the average eaten amount was 3 cups. For Fruits the target was 2 cups and the average eaten amount was 2 cups. For Dairy the target was 3 cups and the average eaten amount was 1Â ¾ cups. For Protein Foods the target was 6 ounces and the average eaten was 6Â ½ ounces. For Oils the target was 6 teaspoon and the average eaten was 4 teaspoons. B) In the Grains Food Group I did not met the recommended amount. In the Vegetables Food Group I met the recommended amount. In the Fruits Food Group I met the recommended amount. In the Dairy Food Group I did not met the recommended amount. In the Protein Foods Group I met the recommended amount. C) I believe the reason to me not meeting some of the recommended amounts for some of the food groups is that I’m a very picky eater. I tend to not eat foods that I don’t like or if there’s something wrong with it, looks different, and if it smells different I just can’t seem to eat it. Another reason to why I might not be getting my recommended amounts is that I usually don’t eat full meals. I usually eat very small portions and then leave everything else. This is a big disadvantage because I’m not getting the recommended amount that I’m suppose to be getting. D) Some changes that I can make would probably be to cook my food at home and sit down and eat all of my food before leaving the table. Another thing that I could do is instead of pushing food away I should try it and see if I like it or not. E) For my calorie intake I am consuming to little so I am not meeting my recommended amount. I also am consuming to many empty calories. F) The reason for this is that I usually eat on the go, which makes me eat less food in hurry. When I usually eat quickly I tend to get fuller faster, so later on in the day I get hungry and I get a snack, which sometimes is a bad snack instead of a good one. Something’s that I could change would probably be to not eat in a hurry or if I do at least eat the things that are important nutrition wise. Another thing that I could do would be to choose healthier snacks rather than choose bad ones. 2. A) For my vitamin and mineral intake I didn’t meet all of my required targets some of those nutrients where calcium, potassium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin E and choline, the rest of the minerals I did meet the recommended amounts. B) If I continue the way that I am with out these minerals and vitamins there will be some very sever consequences. One of the minerals that I am lacking in is calcium and in the short term my body will maintain calcium levels in the blood by taking it from my bones. But in the long-term, low levels of calcium can cause low bone mass (osteopenia) and can increase the risks of osteoporosis and bone fractures. Low level of potassium can cause skin to become dry, depression, fatigue, and slow reflexes. Long-term effects cause extreme potassium deficiency leads to hypertension and congestive heart failure. I also lacked in iron, which is bad because it can lead to iron deficiency anemia, which means I’m not producing enough hemoglobin that can lead to a loss of energy. Vitamin E was another nutrient that I was

9 Tips for Successful Textbook Adoption

9 Tips for Successful Textbook Adoption Textbooks are vital tools within the realm of education and textbook adoption is an essential part of the process. The textbook industry is a multi-billion dollar industry.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Textbooks are to teachers and students as a bible is to pastors and their congregations. The issue with textbooks is that they quickly become outdated as standards and content continually change. For example, the impending Common Core State Standards are resulting in a massive shift in focus amongst textbook manufacturers. To offset this, many states adopt textbooks in a five-year cycle rotating amongst the core subjects. It is essential that the people choosing the textbooks for their district choose the right textbook because they will be stuck with their choice for at least five years. The following information will guide you through the textbook adoption process on your way to choosing the right textbook for your needs. Form a Committee Many districts have curriculum directors that lead the textbook adoption process, but sometimes this process falls back on the school principal. In any case, the person put in charge of this process should put a committee of 5-7 members together to assist in the adoption process. The committee should be made up of the curriculum director, building principal, several teachers who teach the subject up for adoption, and a parent or two. The committee will be charged with finding the best textbook that meets the overall district’s needs. Obtain Samples The first duty of the committee is to solicit samples from each of the textbook vendors that have been approved by your state department. It is critical that you only select approved vendors. Textbook companies will send you a comprehensive set of samples that include both teacher and student materials across all grade levels for the subject being adopted. Be sure to have a place set aside with lots of room to store your samples. Once you have finished previewing the material, you can typically return the material back to the company at no charge. Compare Content to Standards Once the committee has received all their requested samples, they should begin to go through the scope and sequence looking for how the textbook aligns to current standards. No matter how good a textbook is if it does not align to the standards your district uses, then it becomes obsolete. This is the most crucial step in the textbook adoption process. It is also the most tedious and time-consuming step. Each member will go through each book, making comparisons, and taking notes. Finally, the entire committee will look at each individual’s comparisons and cut out any textbook that doesn’t align at that point. Teach a Lesson The teachers on the committee should pick a lesson from each perspective textbook and use that book to teach the lesson. This allows teachers to get a feel for the material, to see how it motivates their students, how their students respond, and to make comparisons about each product through the application. The teachers should make notes throughout the process highlighting things they liked and things they didn’t. These findings will be reported to the committee. Narrow It Down At this point, the committee should have a solid feel for all the different textbooks available. The committee should be able to narrow it down to their top three choices. With only three choices, the committee should be able to narrow their focus and are on their way to deciding which is the best choice for their district. Bring in Individual Sales Representatives The sales representatives are the true experts within their respective textbooks. Once you have narrowed your choices, you can invite the remaining three company’s sales representatives to give a presentation to your committee members. This presentation will allow committee members to gain more in-depth information from an expert. It also allows the committee members to ask questions that they may have about a specific textbook. This part of the process is about giving committee members more information so that they can make an informed decision. Compare Costs The bottom line is that school districts operate on a tight budget. This means that the cost of textbooks is likely already in the budget. It important that the committee knows they cost of each textbook as well as the district’s budget for these textbooks. This plays a crucial part of choosing textbooks. If the committee deems a particular textbook as the best option, but the cost of purchasing those books is $5000 over the budget, they probably should consider the next option. Compare Free Materials Every textbook company offers â€Å"free materials† if you adopt their textbook. These free materials are of course not â€Å"free† as you likely pay for them in some manner, but they are valuable to your district. Many textbooks now offer materials that can be incorporated with classroom technology such as smart boards. They often offer free workbooks for the life of the adoption. Each company puts their own spin on the free materials, so the committee needs to look at each available option in this area as well. Come to a Conclusion The final charge of the committee is to decide which textbook they should adopt. The committee will put in many hours over the course of several months and should have a clear idea of that point as to which option is their best option. The main thing is that they make the right choice because they will likely be stuck with their choice for several years to come.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Global Warming - Essay Example Policy adoption and implementation can help contain manmade global warming. Climate change is caused by the forces of nature. Man has little or no influence on natural climate change, and they occur from time to time as the world readjusts to the forces. Leading causes of natural climate change include volcanicity and change in the energy of the sun reaching the earth. When volcanicity occurs, magma, ash, and other toxic gases are thrown into the atmosphere. The temperature rises to extreme levels due to the sweltering magma being ejected. The volcanic activities produce highly lethal gases such as Sulphur and methane. These gases become trapped in the air thus increase the temperature of the earth. The ash clouds the air and catches lots of heat. The volcanic ash and gases reflect back the sun’s rays trapping much temperature that causes global warming (Victor, 2011). Another cause of natural climate change is the change in the intensity of the sun reaching the earth. During the ice age, the sun was very instrumental in converting the mass of solid water into liquid water. The sun’s rays were weak, and water froze to ice. When the sunshine level increased, the earth became hotter, and more water liquefied, the liquid water collects to form lakes and oceans thus the land that had been buried resurfaced. Man’s activities that contribute to change in the climate include the release of greenhouse gases and clearing of vegetation such as trees. Plants play an enormous role in maintaining the worlds temperature. Plants use the carbon dioxide in the air and convert it into stored energy. When plant absorbs carbon dioxide, they release oxygen. The oxygen the combines with hydrogen to form water that precipitates as rain. Cutting down plants destabilizes the balance by increasing the level of carbon dioxide. The excess carbon dioxide becomes trapped in the air. Trapped carbon dioxide creates an insulation for

Wal Mart Case Analysis using Porter's Model Study

Wal Mart Analysis using Porter's Model - Case Study Example This helps in improving the supply chain and lowering the cost of distribution. Third competitive advantage is its advanced technology of data mining. With the help of data mining, they are able to gather useful data for the suppliers, improves customers satisfaction with the help of accurate demand forecast. The cost is reduced as there is no excess of inventor. The forth competitive advantage is Wal Mart work force culture. It values more for the customers; it is not compromised in any ways. The stores are able to response quickly to the changing demand. Lastly it’s the EDLP (everyday low price). With the help of EDLP customer satisfaction is improved through low price. The advertising cost is also reduced and steady price improves the supply chain (Quelch, p.189-192). The individuals can easily shift to some other competitors who offers product at a lower price than Wal-Mart. But the consumers will lose the convenience with the organization. Thus the power of consumer is me dium. Entry barriers for new players are high compared to its competitors due to high initial set up costs such as distribution channels and this is because Wal-Mart has good distribution systems, huge brand name. Wal-Mart has an absolute cost advantage. Therefore the threat of new entrant is low. Threat of substitute is low as there are not many companies which offer low pricing and convenience. The customers may switch off to other speciality stores but they would not find the low pricing strategy of Wal-Mart.

Blogs about Fashion designer's news and their brand Essay

Blogs about Fashion designer's news and their brand - Essay Example The paper "Blogs about Fashion designer's news and their brand" provides information about blogs in the fashion industry. The editor rightly observed that Lee McQueen could successfully integrate technology with that of the design and it was the differentiating factor which made him so successful in his regime. Lee, born in the year of 1970 at East End had his schooling Central State Martins. He had his professional training at Savile Row where he received the rare exposure of writing messages in the suits of The Prince of Wales. This talented designer had the great achievement of winning the prestigious award of ‘British Designer of the Year in 1997 (though jointly with John Galliano), 2001 and 2003. Lee, born in the year of 1970 at East End had his schooling Central State Martins. He had his professional training at Savile Row where he received the rare exposure of writing messages in the suits of The Prince of Wales. This talented designer had the great achievement of winnin g the prestigious award of ‘British Designer of the Year in 1997 (though jointly with John Galliano), 2001 and 2003. French designer Jean Paul Gaultier’s latest fashion campaign was a major hit. The cast for the campaign is highlighted which involves casting of plus-size model Crystal Renn for the campaign and as the face of the winter/autumn 2010-11. It is reported in The New York Magazine that Chinese model Ping Hue and Kelly Moreira are supposed to join the campaign with Crystal Renn. Also, it reports that Renn is to be part.

Nothing but Useless Essay Example for Free

Nothing but Useless Essay I am not a video game addict but many of my acquaintances are. I am not a video game fan simply because I am not good as others at playing with the same enthusiasm and commitment. My acquaintances like playing video games because it helps them relax and feel as if they were kids again. Their children also play video games developed specifically for their age group. Video games develop reaction, problem-solving abilities, attention, and concentration. None of my acquaintances has ever committed a violent act. Video game exists in its virtual space, which does not make claims on real life. Video games get the brunt of the criticism. Our government is anti-video game. Yet, market forces can be the only regulatory mechanisms of violence in video games. Only two or three of the top best-selling video games are violent. Video games have no violent impact on a video gamer. Younger players may be vulnerable to the violent game content when the play video games that are not suitable for their age. Although first person shooter violence is common to video games, it is not likely to promote aggressive behavioral models. Kids play with toy soldiers but nobody thinks that this teaches them violence. Video games cannot be considered violent in relation to age, gender, socio-cultural belonging, and educational level. The reaction to the games content depends on the individuals personal traits. Girls do not react with greater arousal to violent content than boys. At least, no research has found any significant difference. It is unlikely that performing violent actions during the play may cause aggression in kids. Although Grand Theft Auto 3 was banned in Australia because of its graphic violence, it does not mean that it could have influenced the increase in crime rates. The problem is that minors often have uncontrolled access to adult games with violent content. Boys aged 7-12 like action adventure. They develop killing instinct only in virtual games but also in the games they play outdoors. Nevertheless, childrens exposure to violent content targeted at mature video gamers should be restricted by their parents and caregivers. I am defending video gaming on behalf of long-time gamers whose hobby has not turned them into psycho-terminators. Video gamers live in their own world of established video game rules, and they wish they could play safely without being disturbed. Were in the habit of regulating our most innocent activities.

Honor versus Friendship in Becket Essay -- Biography Biographies Essay

Honor versus Friendship in Becket      Ã‚   Anouilh's Becket offers the story of the relationship between Thomas Becket and Henry II, King of England.   The relationship begins with the two being fun-loving and teasing friends, develops into a rough-and-tumble relationship, and then ends in cold hatred.   Because he will not give in to his demands Henry has Becket executed in Canterbury Cathedral.   Becket had been Henry's friend and loyal supporter until he became Archbishop of Canterbury.   At that point, he was determined his first loyalty was due God and not Henry even though he had supported Henry against the church previously.   Becket fled to France in exile before returning to Canterbury where Henry had four barons murder him.   It was a decision which Henry would regret and pay penance for the rest of his life.   As Anouilh (8) notes in his introduction, this drama remains above all a tale of two friends "...for this drama of friendship between two men, between king and his friend, his companion in pleasure and work (and this is what had gripped me about the story), this friend whom he could not cease to love though he became his worst enemy the night he was named archbishop...."    The play is tragic in the sense that the inability of Becket to serve both God and King equally results in his murder at the hand of his friend.   Becket is well aware that he cannot be loyal to both Henry and God on the same lev... ...les with amusement, Becket develops a higher spirituality than Henry ever possessed in his new position.   However, though he knows he must remove Becket in order to have control, Henry cannot forgive himself for murdering his old companion.   He has himself whipped by monks after Becket's murder "Are you satisfied now, Becket?   Does this settle our account?   Has the honor of God been washed clean?" (Anouilh 126).   Becket admits at his death how heavy it is to carry the honor of God, but despite the consequences of doing so it was an honor he held in higher esteem than friendship.    WORKS   CITED Anouilh, J.   Becket:   Or The Honor Of God.   Hill, L. (trans.).   New York, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1960.

Conflict Resolution and Mediation Essay

be differences in opinions which inevitably lead to disagreements. Conflict exists in families, in the workplace, in churches and schools, in sports, between neighbors and between countries. Conflict is defined as â€Å"an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals†. (Wilmot and Hocker, 2001, p. 11). When there are differences in individual values, motivations, ideas and perceptions, conflicts arise. How individuals deal with conflict depends on personal history, family background and other influences over one’s lifetime. Gender as well as culture influence behavior and perceptions and play an important role in conflict resolution. Traditionally, conflict has been viewed as a destructive force which was best handled by avoiding, ignoring, or silencing it. There is a growing body of literature on the benefits of effective conflict management. Healthy conflict is now viewed as a necessary ingredient in organizational success. The ability to deal effectively with conflict is critical to creating productive relationships. Although most people continue to view conflict negatively, it is a necessary ingredient to creativity and results in healthier relationships. There are two kinds of conflict, constructive and destructive. Constructive conflict should be encouraged because it leads to creative thinking and growth. It results in high performing organizations and to enhanced relationships. Destructive conflict should be eliminated or dealt with immediately. It is costly and does not promote positive personal or organizational development. Communication is a key ingredient in conflict resolution. There are various tools available to resolve conflict. They include legal remedies, arbitration as well as mediation. Conflict resolution skills are learned and when applied, result in improved relationships. Defining Conflict There is an element of conflict in almost all relationships. Conflict has also been defined as â€Å"a social problem in which two or more persons, families, parties, communities, or districts are in disagreement with each other† ( Dzurgba, 2006). It occurs on an intrapersonal as well as an interpersonal level. If left unmanaged, conflict can lead to hostility, anger, alienation, war, inefficiency, expensive mistakes, legal battles as well as physical violence. There are five main conflict resolution styles  that individuals use depending on the situation. They are: Avoiding the Conflict – By avoiding the conflict, one or more parties pretend there is no problem. Some examples of avoiding include pretending nothing is wrong, shutting down or stonewalling. Accommodating – One party agrees to accommodate the other’s request usually for the sake of keeping the peace. This can lead to resentment. Competitive – One party stands his/her ground and competes to secure a win. In the short run, one party wins, but can lead to serious issues long term. Compromising – Both parties willingly enter into a negotiation where each gets something out of the other, but neither gets everything they want. Usually the parties negotiate on the larger issues where they have common ground and let go of minor issues. Collaboration – Both parties enter into meaningful negotiations towards a win-win solution. This style takes the most courage and involves listening to the other party and thinking creatively to resolve the problem w ithout compromising. This is the most successful and admired and respected style. Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution and mediation leads to the reduction of the conflict. Effectively addressing conflict leads to an improvement of relationships and to greater organizational and personal effectiveness. Conflict resolution entails managing stress, managing anger and managing face. When managed well, conflict can be a catalyst for innovation and creativity, leading to organizational learning. Conflict provides an opportunity for the best ideas to be shared to improve a situation or a process. Left unmanaged, conflict can have expensive legal consequences as others seek litigation to resolve the conflict. In organizations, it can lead to employee dissatisfaction, expensive turnover, decreased productivity and expensive errors. In families, unmanaged conflict can lead to violence, family dysfunction and divorce. Types of Conflict There are five types of conflicts, namely relationship, data, interest, structural and value. Relationship Conflicts Relationship conflicts are personal and result from misperceptions,  miscommunication, stereotypes, negative behavior and rumors. It affects the relationship between two people, but can impact others within the team. Work environments consist of employees from diverse backgrounds with very different value systems. There are cultural, gender and generational differences which contribute to relationship conflicts. As a result, miscommunication occurs because of differences in meaning, norms of communication and behavioral expectations. What is perceived as an ordinary conversation in one culture may be considered rude and intrusive by another culture. Spouses often have relationship conflicts that lead to divorce if unresolved. Data Conflicts Data conflicts often occur when two or more individuals are interpreting data differently. This can lead to wrong decisions, but can also lead to major disagreements. The budget conflicts which have let to the sequestration are an example of data conflicts. The Republicans and the Democrats are interpreting the budget numbers differently and coming to very different conclusions regarding what the numbers mean. As a result, they cannot agree on a budget. Interest Conflicts Interest conflicts occur when one person is trying to take advantage of another person. This may happen if an employee starts a company that provides the same services as his/her employer. Interest conflicts occur when the boss is dating an employee because that may introduce favoritism and may negatively impact other employees. Structural Conflicts A structural conflict is created by the organization. It is not subjective and is not created by people’s viewpoints or perceptions, but rather by limited resources or changes that the people involved have very little control over. An example of a structural conflict is a company that has customers across the world, but only has a customer service center in Ohio. The sales force would like to have all customers served promptly regardless of location, but the service center has regular hours. The company either  has to create 24 hour shifts to accommodate its customers or open centers in other countries. Value Conflicts Value conflicts are differences in personal beliefs, preferences or priorities. This occurs between two people or within groups of people. Cultural differences usual result in different value systems which can lead to conflict. Examples of value conflicts in interpersonal relations can be a person who likes meat verses someone who is vegetarian, or, a liberal Democrat verses a conservative Republican. Each individual develops a value system based on culture, personality and the society they grow up in. There is no right or wrong in value systems, just a difference in opinion. Value conflicts are subjective because they are based on how people â€Å"feel† about each other or the situation. They are very difficult to effectively resolve. Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Power Power plays a critical role in interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts and disputes. There are many forms of power. The role of power in a conflict intensifies as the balance of power shifts. In the work environment, the power imbalance often exacerbates a conflict and often leads to resentment or anger. Power imbalance changes the communication styles used by the parties in a conflict. In conflict or dispute, one or more types of power may be used by the parties in the attempt to resolve the conflict. People in a high power position may not use their power to influence a decision out of guilt. In a conflict, one party usually possesses more power than the other. Real or perceived power imbalances make it difficult to resolve a conflict to everyone’s satisfaction. Power can be structural or personal. The extent to which one party can impose their will on another affects how the dispute is resolved. Power currency depends on the value placed on particular resources by the oth er party in the relationship. If one has what others need, they are in a powerful position and have more power currency. As needs change, the power currency may be more of less valuable. Just like actual currency, the value of the currency fluctuates and is situational. Interpersonal power currencies are: 1. Resource control: Often associated with a position within an organization and can include financial, information, equipment and rules and regulations. When a citizen visits the social security office to get disability benefits, the government holds the power for the decision to approve or not approve the benefits. The citizen has very little power and the government has the resources. 2. Interpersonal linkages: This is associated with someone’s position in the larger system. This is highly dependent on â€Å"who you know† and the relationships one has to make things happen. The Secretary of State is in a position to resolve the Mid-east conflict based on the interpersonal linkages he/she has with both Israel and Egypt. 3. Communication skills: Listening skills, leadership skills and the ability to effectively communicate is a power currency. Preachers have the ability to communicate a message to their congregation and get them to rally around a particular issue. They are often called upon to mediate disputes because of their ability to listen, be empathetic to both parties and effectively communicate both viewpoints and negotiate a resolution. 4. Expertise skills: When one has a special skill or knowledge that others find valuable, he is in a position of influence. A pilot, a surgeon or a car mechanic all possess special skills that put them in power positions during certain disputes. Power imbalances disproportionally benefit the powerful party. Power generally falls into three categories, designated power, distributive power and integrative power. Designated power is often referred to as positional power and is as a result of a position or office held. A parent, manager, teacher or policeman has power that comes from their position. Distributive power is the â€Å"power over or against the other party† (Wilmot & Hocker, 2001, p. 103). Integrative or â€Å"both/and† power comes from two parties working together to achieve a mu tually beneficial goal. This power differential has a significant impact on the substance and the process to resolve the conflict. When applied appropriately â€Å"constructive use of power solves problems, enhances relationships, and balances power† (Wilmot & Hocker, 2011, p. 103). Forgiveness and Reconciliation There is a growing body of literature on forgiveness and reconciliation. Disparate fields such as social and developmental psychology, anthropology,  political sciences, religion and legal studies have all been conducting research on forgiveness and reconciliation. There are many definitions of forgiveness. Forgiveness and reconciliation often follow other efforts to resolve a conflict and heal the relationship. As such, forgiveness is highly personal and emotional. Kornfield defined it as follows: â€Å"Forgiveness is the heart’s capacity to release its grasp on the pains of the past and free itself to go on† (Kornfield, 2001, p.236). As shown in Figure 1, there is a flow of events that lead to reconciliation. The Forgiveness & Reconciliation Cycle for Effective Conflict Resolution Figure 1 Forgiveness is a key ingredient essential for reconciliation and conflict resolution. It is recognized in religion and social science literature as an important element in healing conflicts. For healing to occur and normal trusting relationships to be formed, both sides need to stop blaming each other and move past the conflict. An apology is a catalyst and a key ingredient leading to forgiveness and reconciliation, and ultimately to conflict resolution. While conflict resolution is focused on resolving substantive issues in a dispute, reconciliation focuses on addressing personal and relational issues and restoring relationships. William Faulkner was quoted by journalist Bill Moyers as saying â€Å"Forgiveness is giving up the idea of a better past† (Wilmot and Hocker, 2011, p. 297). Forgiveness is concerned with healing the hurt, disappointments and sins of the past, and improving relationships in the future. Mediation and Organizational Conflict Resolution A mediator is defined as â€Å"a neutral third party who has no decision-making power regarding the outcome of the mediation† (Abigail & Cahn, 2011, p. 197). The advantages of mediation are: 1. Cost – Mediation is much less expensive than the alternative of either having the situation go unresolved or resolve legally 2. Flexibility – Mediation can be conducted anywhere as long as it is neutral ground. 3. Informal – It can be adapted to accommodate cultural, personal, structural and other differences. 4. Effectiveness –  Mediated solutions tend to last because the parties come to a mutually agreed solution. 5. Preserves Relationships – Parties tend to have stronger long term relationships because they feel they were heard and have the other’s commitment. Effective organizations have mediation as part of the conflict resolution process. This is an effective way to resolve conflicts while both parties maintain control and ownership of t he issues. Conclusion Effective conflict resolution is important to building productive relationships. The importance of conflict resolution has been reinforced by the disparate fields focused on studying the subject. Organizations must provide the right structure for effective conflict resolution to be effective. Effective conflict resolution requires a health balance of power and promotes a health organizational culture. When all stakeholders have a voice, decision making is enhanced, engagement improves, and innovation increases. Maintaining a balance of power should be a high priority for any organization to be competitive and reach maximum productivity. Diversity is a consideration when creating conflict resolution processes. Gender, ethnicity and culture have to be considered to create an effective process. Although power is complex and maintaining a balance of power is fraught with difficulty, process design, effective communication, and a culture that encourages open dialogue will ensure that all parties effectively negotiate in their own interest to bring about fair outcomes. Archbishop Desmond Tutu who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) said that â€Å"there can be no future without forgiveness†. Forgiveness is an intrapersonal as well as an interpersonal activity. Forgiving someone can be done with or without the other person’s consent, making it a relatively easy process intrapersonal. It is much more complicated interpersonally since it requires another party to either apologize, or accept an apology and forgive. As research is finding, â€Å"Apology and forgiveness have the potential to foster reconciliation and encourage peaceful coexistence among groups and nations† (Asby et al, 2010, p. 25). Conflict should be treated as an essential ingredient for healthy relationships both at home and at work. In health care organizations such as MaineGeneral Health, empowering employees with skills to handle conflict was critical to creating a culture  where employees felt comfortable speaking up (Bullock, 2011, p. 82). By speaking up, the hospital was able to avoid medical errors. References Abigail, R. A.., & Cahn, D. D. (2011). Managing conflict through communication. 4th Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN: 9780205685561 Ashy, M., Mercurio, A. E., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2010, March). Apology, forgiveness, and reconciliation: An ecological world view. Individual Differences Research 8 (1), 17-26 http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2010-05622-003&site=ehost-live Bullock, S. (2011, July/August). Empowering staff with communication. Healthcare Executive 26 (4), 80-82 http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/875635837?accountid=28180 Chetkow-Yanoov, B. (1997). Social work approaches to conflict resolution: Making fighting obsolete. Binghampton, NY: Haworth. Deutsch, M., & Coleman, P. T. (Eds). (2006). Handbook of conflict resolution (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Dingwall, R., & Miller, G. (2002). Lessons from brief therapy? Some interactional suggestions for family mediators. Conflict Resolution Quar terly, 19, 269-287. Dubler, N. N., & Liebman, C. B. (2004). Bioethics mediation: A guide to shaping shared solutions. New York: United Hospital Fund. Eddy, W. A. (2003). High conflict personalities: Understanding and resolving their costly disputes. San Diego, CA: William A. Eddy. Eller, J. (2004). Effective group facilitation in education: How to energize meetings and manage difficult groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lee, J. (2010, July). Perceived power imbalance and customer dissatisfaction. Service Industries Journal doi:10.1080/02642060802298384 30 (7), 1113-1137 http://www.tandfonline.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/02642060802298384 Maroney, T. A. (2009). Unlearning fear of out-group others. Law and Contemporary Problems Journal. 72(2), 83-88. Sloan, W. M. (2011, March). What did you say? Curtail conflict with effective communication. Education Update 53 (3), 3-5 http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=58834574&site=ehos t-live Wilmot, W., & Hocker, J.